Exposure to tailshock, but not swim-stress, transiently enhanced progesterone in females stressed during the stage of proestrus and estrus. Glucocorticoid levels were elevated in response to both stressors and were supraelevated in females under both basal and stress conditions relative to males, ...
In recent years, it has become apparent that bone and muscle are coupled not only mechanically as muscle pulls on bone, but also at a higher level with myokines, biochemical and molecular signaling occurring between cells of the two tissues. However, how estrogen deficiency in females impacts ...
The presence of estrogens in males near puberty explains why some pubertal males exhibit slight growth of the mammary glands (gynecomastia). In this condition, a small (1 to 2 cm in diameter) lump appears behind the nipple, but it usually goes away in about 2 years. Thus, levels of both...
In females, estrogens affect the ovaries,vagina,fallopian tubes,uterus, andmammary glands. In the ovaries, estrogens help to stimulate the growth of the egg follicle; they also stimulate thepituitary glandin the brain to release hormones that assist in follicular development. Once the egg is relea...
females are more susceptible to autoimmune disorders such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. These gender differences are largely attributed to estrogen levels.1,2Estrogen-related regulation of nitric oxide (NO), and the enzymes that produce it, increasingly appear to play ...
Our recent studies suggest that higher neutrophil infiltration in females correlates with increased hepatobiliary expression of osteopontin (OPN) in alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH). The objective of this study was to understand the role of alcohol in altering estrogen levels in females by examining the ...
Studies in neuroendocrinology have shown that estrogen levels can bias a female to use one memory system over another to solve a task, such that high estrogen levels are associated with using place memory and low levels with using response memory. Furthermore, recent advances in identifying and ...
In females, the majority of estradiol is produced by the ovaries. 8 Estrogen Used in various forms for hormone replacement therapy. Estrogen patches are a common form of hormone replacement therapy. 8 Estradiol Its levels are a key marker in fertility assessments. High estradiol levels might indic...
Aging does contain changes concerning the average estrogen levels in females, predominantly a decrease thereof after puberty, with the most rapid changes during the per-imenopause, as well as changes in the expression of the estrogen receptors over time varying between different tissues independent of...
One potential explanation for the reason women (females) develop SLE more frequently than men (males) isbecause they have more estrogen. This can be linked to two causes: 1)higher production levels of estrogen; and 2) higher levels of the natural conversion process of testosterone to estrogen ...