risk differencepropensity‐score matchingMonte Carlo simulationsbiasmatchingIn a study comparing the effects of two treatments, the propensity score is the probability of assignment to one treatment conditional on a subject's measured baseline covariates. Propensity-score matching is increasingly being used...
Briefly, confounder approaches aim to “adjust” for all factors that both explain treatment assignment and the outcome. In contrast, IVs determine only the assignment of the treatment but, otherwise, are not associated with the outcome. IVs are used to define a subset of the population whose ...
Potential respondents were randomly selected from participants in the syringe exchanges, with weekly alternate assignment to either traditional face-to-face interviews or audio-CASI. The questionnaire included items on sociodemographic characteristics, drug use, and HIV risk behaviours for 30 days preceding...
(2014)) and school level comparisons using quasi-random variation in school assignment which show significant effects on student outcomes (e.g. Hastings and Weinstein (2007); Pop-Eleches and Urquiola (2013)). On the other hand, several similar school-level studies fail to find an impact on ...
On the path to isolating causal effects, observational studies must address potential bias due to the non-randomization of the intervention. A common source of bias is confounding by indication, or treatment selection bias, where factors affect both the assignment of treatment and the targeted medica...
Each contributing study performed genotyping, imputation, variant quality control and ancestry assignment using their own methodology (Supplementary Methods). Disease selection Diseases were selected according to their global burden as defined by DALYs from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 201925, and ...
(nt)sproepsereosfetnhteinagdtjhaceesntcaytemofatnroixdoefi at time t, A ∈ the network, u N×N describes the (t) ∈ Nc is the col- lection of external driving inputs to the system at time t, and B ∈ N×Nc describes the assignment of controls guej(nt)e,rji =...
The likelihood for each potentially causal stimulus is divided by the sum of the likelihoods for all such stimuli for normalization [9]. Figure 1 depicts these two methods. Fig. 1. Timelines illustrating existing response assignment methods. Blue, red, and green hash marks represent onset times...
Another key problem is the assignment of corporate revenues to countries, since digital firms sometimes take legal residence in economies with favorable tax regimes (e.g. Cayman Islands, Luxembourg)57,58,59,60. In our paper we provide estimates based on two assignment criteria: headquarters locatio...
The commonwealth fund issue brief. http://www.bailit-health.com/publications/082111_bhp_key_designelements_sharedsavings.pdf (2011). Accessed 2 Apr 2021 Medicare Shared Savings Program: Shared savings and losses and assignment methodology. https://www.cms.gov/files/document/shared-savings-losses-...