Friction head loss (ftH2O per 100 ft pipe) in water pipes can be estimated with the empirical Hazen-Williams equation. Hot Water Systems - Equivalent Length vs. Fittings Resistance Equivalent length of fittings like bends, returns, tees and valves in hot water heating systems - equivalent ...
The equivalent diameter is the diameter of a circular duct or pipe that for equal flow gives the samepressure loss or resistanceas an equivalent rectangular duct or pipe. A round shape results in lower pressure drops and less fan horsepower to move the air and, consequently, smaller equipment....
We report on the development of a method for measuring the permittivity and conductivity of fluids inside a sealed tank (or a pipe) by using an embedded coaxial probe. Permittivity and conductivity in the frequency range 600 MHz to 6 GHz are determined f