Banach fixed-point theoremThis paper shows the existence of lower semicontindoi:10.1016/j.jmaa.2018.03.077Óscar Vega-AmayaJournal of Mathematical Analysis and ApplicationsO´ . Vega-Amaya, Solutions of the average cost optimality equation for Markov decision processes with weakly con- tinuous ...
TVC is the total variable cost, and Q is the level of production or the quantity produced. The average variable cost can also be calculated by subtracting the average fixed cost (AFC) from the average total cost (ATC), as shown below: {eq}ATC - AFC = AVC {/eq}View...
Unlike a metric like net income, FCF doesn’t account fordepreciation. Why? It’s a non-cash expense, meaning it’s a business cost that doesn’t involve a cash transaction. FCF focuses on actual cash flows, sometimes making a business’s FCF seem higher than its net income. ...
where a is the average acceleration during the T-O run, calculated at VLOF/√2 using Equation (18-3), with γ = 0: a=gTW−DW−μ1−LW=gTW−qSCDTOW−μ1−qSCLTOW Substituting this into the expression for SG leads to: SG=VLOF22a=VLOF22gTW−qSCDTOW−μ1−qSCLTOW ...
Thus, the velocity field v is simply the thermodynamic conjugate for the momentum density66. In the active case, however, additional variables can become relevant. An essential parameter for active phase separation in overdamped55 and underdamped27 active fluids is the average of \(\hat{{{\bf{u...
Let’s wade through a little arithmetic about book and market value. When stocks consistently sell at book value, it’s all very simple. If a stock has a book value of $100 and also an average market value of $100, 12% earnings by business will produce a 12% return for the investor...
You add the variable and fixed costs to get the total production cost. Thereafter, you consider any change in the overall cost and divide by any change in the output or quantity. The answer is the marginal cost. How is the marginal cost calculated? The formula for calculating marginal cost...
If the average number of minutes used each month is 420, then Company A offers a lower monthly cost of $55 compared to Company B’s monthly cost of $56.80. To answer the question of how many talk-time minutes would yield the same bill from both companies, we should think ...
Therefore, a re-scaling is required to prove a formal limiting result, as is the case for standard averages. Let Ai,⋅ be the i’th row of A. Let ri be the i’th coordinate of rξ. We have ri=Ai,⋅εx=∑j=1dxai,jεx,j. When εx have independent components, the ...
As this is a random process, the probabilities for a chain to move forward or backward are equal and the chain moves like a snake with two heads. To employ this analogy, we replace the real chain (N monomers, statistical segment length b, and molecular weight M) with an average chain ...