Large language model (LLM) systems, such as ChatGPT1or Gemini2, can show impressive reasoning and question-answering capabilities but often ‘hallucinate’ false outputs and unsubstantiated answers3,4. Answering unreliably or without the necessary information prevents adoption in diverse fields, with ...
k-means and information gain (包括entropy)
The article nicely summarizes the general problems with the creationist claim. They confuse the metaphor of 'disorder' for the actual phenomenon of entropy; they seem to have an absolutist notion that the second law prohibits all decreases in entropy; and they generally lack any quantitative notion...
These are indeed non-trivial questions, and the multiple answers are still incomplete today. However, certain principles help us to reduce complexity while avoiding oversimplification. First, a model should be consistent with the known general laws of physics, chemistry, and biology. This consistency...
How does the contamination of bcc Nbss with oxygen or alloying with boron affect its properties? The motivation for this paper was to provide answers to these questions. I shall consider some of the possible permutations of available data between aforementioned parameters and between parameters and ...
As we have the action variable in the 2nd survey, we use the action dummy (1 = Yes and 0 = No as answers to whether their companies have taken actions specifically to cope with the change) as a screening variable to separate companies with actions from those without any action. A ...
The combinatorics of these structures forbid any computation in practice, until quantum computers become available and the severe restriction to the simplicial case of the cohomology with complexity O ( 2 n ) ) implies that not all statistical dependencies can be estimated, as shown by James and ...
Despite the fact that the quantities needed for calculating the entropy production are known (effective temperature and luminosity), modern literature has no answers to these questions. Presently, there is no other information, except for entropy production estimates of the Sun (the entropy productions...
maintains continuous intellectual activity by interacting constantly with the computer; incorporates fun into learning; uses a high level of interdisciplinarity; combines theory and practice, facilitating knowledge acquisition; increases the use of creativity; promotes interaction with other students; develops ...
maintains continuous intellectual activity by interacting constantly with the computer; incorporates fun into learning; uses a high level of interdisciplinarity; combines theory and practice, facilitating knowledge acquisition; increases the use of creativity; promotes interaction with other students; develops ...