Wiener publishedThe Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Societyin 1954. What Wiener wanted to bring to public attention was the meaning of life, communication, and being human in a world where communications and computers were speeding up just as Vannevar Bush had promised us they would....
The idea of entropy comes from a principle of thermodynamics dealing with energy. It usually refers to the idea that everything in the universe eventually moves from order to disorder, and entropy is the measurement of that change.
In the same way, as for a pure substance, two terms with a different meaning appear. One is the entropy flux vector, the first term on the right of the previous equality, which now has the following form (13.100)ϕ¯S=q¯T−∑γ=1NμγTj¯γ Taking into account that the ...
For an ideal gas that expands at a constant temperature (meaning that it absorbs heat from the surroundings to compensate for the work it does during the expansion), the increase in entropy is given by (2-4) (If the gas is allowed to cool during the expansion, the relation becomes ...
First, following prior literature (Balthazard et al., 2006; Chatman and O’Reilly, 2016; Cooke and Rousseau, 1988; Schein, 2004), we take a broad view on the meaning of such organizational elements, which could concern, for instance, the organization’s emphasis on employees’ performance (...
This security definition is composable, meaning that the key generated by a protocol satisfying this definition can safely be used for other protocols38.Definition 3(Correctness, secrecy, and completeness) Consider a QKD protocol in which Alice and Bob can decide whether or not to abort the ...
How do you calculate the power expended to accelerate if the change in kinetic energy is 4356 J during a time interval of 6.58 s? Explain the meaning of the following equation: 100 mF capacitor x 12 V battery = 1.2 C How...
In the discrete case where events may be defined by categories, widths of bins have no meaning and therefore they are not considered in the definition of entropy. On the other hand, in the continuous case where differential entropy is derived through integration, widths of bins become meaningful...
ease of handling and broad applicability in terms of subjects and situations. We find support for the hypothesis that memes are part of an emerging form of internet metalanguage: on one side, we observe an exponential growth with a doubling time around 6 months; on the other side, the compl...
Note that the meaning of ‘sensitivity’ and ‘specificity’ in our context thus deviates slightly from their use in standard diagnostics; nevertheless, as introduced here, they provide a useful heuristic to describe the effect of reducing the number of data points on the statistical comparison of...