regarding the full details of the calculation and experimental procedure, if unable to be published in a normal way, will be deposited as supplementary material. Scope Entropy deals with the development and/or application of entropy or information-theoretic concepts in a wide variety of applications...
There are physical conditions in porous media where the LTE approach is not valid. For example, when the thermal conductivity of the fluid and solid phases differs significantly or considerable heat generation rate exists in any of these phases, the LTE assumption breaks down. Accordingly, a two...
In the special case of uniform distribution, the entropy of X is given by log|X|, where |X| is the cardinality of X. For example, if X has eight possible values, then we obtain 3 bits when X is determined. Similarly, for two random variables X and Y, we can also define the ...
For example, let’s assume we’re conducting a binary classification task (a classification task with two classes, 0 and 1). In this instance, we must use binary cross-entropy, which is the average cross-entropy across all data samples: Binary cross entropy formula [Source: Cross-Entropy ...
this has not yet been achieved. Another challenge is to design suitable material descriptors to represent the data of alloys comprising different numbers of elements. Descriptors calculated from the atomic properties of the constituent elements (for example, mean, variance and difference of atomic sizes...
For decades, behavioral scientists have used the matching law to quantify how animals distribute their choices between multiple options in response to reinforcement they receive. More recently, many reinforcement learning (RL) models have been developed
Using audio file compression as an example, mp3 is a lossy compression, while FLAC is lossless compression. We will not study any concrete algorithm, but we will see the general laws governing data compression mechanisms. 12.1. Entropy and Coding In coding, each symbol of the message is ...
In the case of observations though, the true ‘data’ are corrupted by noise, for example 2 where e is an (n s× 1) vector of unknown error terms and m (m× 1) vector of model parameters, ‘the modeL'. In the case where there are more data than unknowns we can, of course,...
For example, when the continuous random variable U is uniformly distributed over the interval (𝑎,𝑏), 𝑝(𝑢)=1/(𝑏−𝑎) Equation (7) results in: 𝐷𝐸(𝑈)=𝑙𝑛(𝑏−𝑎). (8) The entropy value obtained in Equation (8) is negative when the length of the ...
Reconstruction of nonlinearly sampled 2D 1H–15N HMQC spectra of three proteins in living human cells was also reported [101]. 3.2.7 Virtual decoupling An interesting property of MaxEnt is that it can easily deconvolve certain functions from peak shapes [68,79]. For example, if the “mock” ...