This paper derives energy level formula for two moving charged particles with Coulomb coupling by making full use of two mutually conjugate entangled state representations.These newly introduced entangled state representations seem to provide a direct and convenient approach for solving certain dynamical pro...
this paper is to present a general overview of the results, with special attention to our recent results from noise measurements, which help characterize the motion at the microscopic scale, and also our current experiments on transverse and longitudinal dispersion. In earlier papers 10;11 , we ...
The swift advancement of sustainable energy technologies, coupled with the urgent need to address environmental challenges, has generated considerable inte
Bremsstrahlung could become so dominant that all the energy in the plasma may radiate away. Other radiation losses, including synchrotron radiation from charged particles orbiting about magnetic fields would be negligible. A fusion reactor, therefore, has to be operated at a temperature where the ...
Looking at where work comes from, we'll distinguish two sorts of force – conservative and non-conservative. That will allow us to introduce potential energy and mechanical energy. Power is the rate of doing work. We'll spend some time relating these quantities and their units to your every...
The nature of kinetic energy also depends on the amount and type of energy in the system, and the effect this has on the motion of particles in the system. Thermal energy The thermal kinetic energy of an object or system is that part of its internal energy that is responsible for the te...
The clouds of charged particles moving along the field lines emit gamma rays that are focused by the magnetic fields, rather like the beams of light from a lighthouse. In these magnetic fields, pairs of positrons and electrons are created and accelerated, making pulsars potential sources of ...
So, what seems clear is that the Sun accelerates particles in a range of different environments and magnetic topologies. What is much less clear are the properties and location of the acceleration regions and the processes operating within them. In the corona this is in part due to a low ...
It is commonly accepted that UHECRs are produced either via the Fermi mechanism, i.e., where charged particles could be accelerated by clouds of magnetized gas moving within our Galaxy, or by magnetic reconnection, since it is particularly important in the magnetically dominated region of the ...
In the general analysis and comparison of the results [32], it was found that POA has the best performance for the value of R equal to 0.2. 3. Single Candidate Optimizer In contrast to the majority of the currently used searching algorithms, which rely on a swarm of particles for the ...