This paper presents a review of the literature on low carbon and low embodied energy materials in buildings. Embodied energy is defined and discussed vs. operating energy of buildings and its growing importance due to the implementation of the Energy Building Performance Directive (EBPD) in Europe...
3.1. Carbon footprint at sub-national scales CFs were firstly quantified for each of the 89,876 individual life cycles identified in Brazilian soy exports in 2010–2015, from the municipality of origin up to the country of import (see Table S3). In this section, we quantify the CF of the...
Consequently, the Chinese government is looking to require cities to develop low-carbon action plans to respond to growing urban energy needs. For the most part, these low-carbon action plans focus on ways to reduce the growth of current energy consumption and to supplant some portion of it ...
It has been suggested recently to address this drawback by using the world-average carbon intensity for exporting industries, rather than the domestic average, when calculating export-related emissions (Kander et al. 2015). Doing so rewards countries that produce export commodities that are cleaner ...
Union (Tukker et al., 2016), carbon dioxide emissions embodied in foreign trade in China (Zhao et al., 2014), virtual water in trade in China (Chen et al., 2018), and a more recent one on the flow of embodied carbon in China, the EU and the United States (He and Hertwich, ...
embedded carbon refers to a building’s or infrastructure project’s carbon footprint before its completion. It also refers to the CO2emitted when maintaining and eventually deconstructing the structure, as well as transporting and recycling the garbage. Carbon that is produced through electricity, hea...
In 2018, it was responsible for 36% of the total energy consumed and 39% of process-related carbon dioxide emissions [1]. Energy ensued from buildings can be categorised into two types; energy consumed at the operational stage and the energy capital of all building materials, referred to as...