Introduction In condensed matter physics, it would be difficult to understand the fate of energy injected into a solid or a quantum liquid without invoking the notion of elementary excitation. An elementary excitation is an entity with a well-defined identity, interacting weakly with others of its...
1. Introduction “Attention” refers to the ability that an individual can concentrate and persist in a particular activity. In education, children’s attention has always been an essential concern for parents and teachers [1]. Attention usually affects children’s learning in three ways: (1) ...