Finally, we identify areas where further research is needed, including conceptual extensions and efficient numerical schemes for handling large-scale problems. Key points Limits provide a rigorous theoretical basis to quantify the trade-offs and scaling laws associated with almost any common design ...
Alternatively, bottom-up first-principles approaches—for example, time-dependent density functional theory16,17—are severely constrained by computational demands and thus become impractical for multiscale problems. Consequently, a general and unified framework for nanoscale electromagnetism remains absent. ...
self-energy problem and the Lorentz-Dirac as well as the extended particle solutions as unsatisfactory, but also involves free fields, among other philosophical, mathematical and physical arguments, and proposes the Wheeler-Feynman direct-action theory in particular as a solution to those problems. Th...
However, several problems were soon identified with this model. Most relevant to our discussion is the 4/3 problem. Similar to the calculation for the charged particle in a charged shell system studied in the previous section, there is a 4/3 discrepancy between the self-force-derived mass ...