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Second, it can also be via an independent party or platform where aggregators (or VPP operators) or independent traders act as intermediators between the flexibility providers (FPs) and the utility. In this case a market-based approach is used instead in many cases (i.e., in GB for conge...
For energy, pay-as-clear was chosen as the compensation method, while for flexibility, pay-as-bid was established for flexibility providers for congestion management. These choices were made to maintain conceptual compatibility with the linked wholesale markets, as well as for simplicity. In case ...