Moreover, the overtightening of clamping bolts, and the plates’ deformations, negatively influence cell performance [14–16] by damaging the MEA or increasing electric resistance. After insertion of the MEA in the single-cell fixture, the test cell is connected to a test bench that has all ...
The electrical resistivity (r) of the patterns was calculated using the following formula: r 5 RA/L, where R is the electrical resistance, A is the cross-sectional area of the pattern and L is the length of the pattern. Patterning of line electrodes on polyimide substrates. The electrodes-...
I (A) – electric current; ρ (Ω m) – specific electrical resistance; L (m) – characteristic length; Ep (V m−1)– earth breakdown gradient; U (V) – spark zone surface voltage. This coefficient expresses the dimensionless value of the earth breakdown gradient. Earthing. Info: [A24...
The car attains impressive efficiency thanks to a combination of good aerodynamics (0.30 Cd), a low unladen weight of 2657 pounds, lightweight plug-in drive components, and low rolling resistance 165/65 R15 tires. In all-electric model, for example, the twin up! has a driving range of 31...
[n]CPP solutions to form and break Au-CPP-Au molecule junctions. During this process, the current was recorded continuously and the conductance was calculated by the formula G = I/V. One-dimensional conductance histograms and two-dimensional conductance histograms were constructed by compiling ...
where\({E}_{\Vert }(x,t)\)is the induced electric field along the neuron compartment,\(V(x,t)\)is the membrane potential, riis the cytoplasmic resistance,cmis the cell membrane capacitance,iionicare the currents passing through membrane ion channels,\(x\)is the location of neuron compart...
is calculated by the following formula:, where A - linear load, B?0.95 B- maximum induction in air gap at idle stroke and nominal voltage, ? - polar pitch, x- synchronous inductive resistance along longitudinal axis, difference ? = ?- ?={[(Dr-Da)/2]-?} is found between initial air...
The effects of resistance and TMR ratio dependence on the bias voltage were eliminated through normalization of the TMR curves. The bias voltage was adjusted between the range −0.8 V < U < 0.8 V, which corresponds to the electric field range of −320 mV/nm < E < 320 mV/...
The term "constant current" as employed herein does not mean a current that cannot increase, but means a current that obeys the following formula ##EQU4## where I is the load current and R is the resistance coupled to the coil by the reaction of currents induced in the ferromagnetic ...
Such coils will exhibit two electrical properties: inductance and resistance. The inductance is the property we want to use in the matrix machine, while the resistance is an inherent property of the coil due to the non-zero electrical resistivity of the wire material (usually copper). The ...