This involves estimating the motor’s torque and magnetic flux based on the motor’s recorded current and voltage. Field-Oriented Control (FOC), also known as vector control, is an approach for dealing with AC Induction Motors (ACIM) and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM). Field-...
We compared the mean flux values in the center of the PEF treated area with the basal level at the same spot. Skin mechanical properties measurement. To assess skin mechanical properties, we performed tensile mechanical testing on excised samples. Skin at the PEF treated sites (1 cm2)...
with micellar BGE. Sample solutions are introduced at the cathodic end of the capillary, and then the separation voltage is applied with negative polarity at the injection end. Since the negative polarity is applied at the inlet, the sample matrix was slowly pushed out of the capillary by the...
With a seed crystal, the growth rate was controlled at 0.4˜0.8 mm/hr at a temperature gradient of 20° C./cm. Typical crystal size is about 1 cm. Although stoichiometric ingredients were used, the temperature was much higher than that of the flux method. The crucible must be tightly...
The dual questions of which problems to attack with AI techniques and which AI techniques to use for a particular problem are abiding ones in the power industry, as they are in many other industries (Zhao & Zhang, 2016). Problem-centered approaches (problem-seeking solutions), tool-centered ...
One of the major problems limiting the application of Hall thrusters in space is the erosion of the ceramic wall caused by the impact of the accelerated ion flux (Fig. 2)52. With the ion velocity reaching 10-–20 × 103 m/s, the wall wear is non negligible, significantly ...
For applications with higher channel count requirements, multiple measurement instruments can be synchronized. Current sensors We offer and support all types of current sensors, such as zero-flux current transducers, AC/DC current clamps, Rogowsky coils, and shunts. These sensors are true RMS sensors...
Then, the idea of solving the multi-physics field coupled problem in this paper is to find a set of solutions with φ(t), T(t) and u(t) as the basic unknowns in the space domain and time domain [0, τ], so that they satisfy the set of control equations consisting of Equations ...
Steinmetz showed that the core losses are varied with the frequency and flux density of the machine [97]. Later in [98,99], the generalized and improved generalized Steinmetz equation were introduced to take the hysteresis effect into account. These methods were new but did not consider the ...
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