In the case of 2x2 matrices, it all boils down to the quadratic formula: if you don't remember how to solve it, check out our quadratic formula calculator. However, when the arrays are of size 3x3, we obtain a cubic equation, i.e., an equation with the variable to the third power...
Thus, in practice, you should use a calculator or computer with appropriate software to compute the eigenvalues of a matrix. Numerical techniques for finding eigenvalues without the characteristic polynomial are discussed in Section 9.3. Diagonalization One of the most important uses of eigenvalues and...