On of the most important causes of child labour is poverty and unemployment particularly in the unorganized and rural areas which comples every member of the family, including children, to work to supplement the family income. So child labour is a multi-dimensional problem. Poverty, caste, ...
The second, known as the “pre-child effect of anticipated fertility,” involves career adjustments and reduced human capital investments made by mothers before the birth of their first child. The primary focus of our paper is on the post-child effects, given that the pre-child effects have ...
The impact of childhood poverty and school bullying on mental health was investigated, considering demographic indicators. Methods Research design For this research, we utilized data from the Japan COVID-19 and Society Internet Survey (JACSIS), an ongoing nationwide online cohort study conducted in ...
She uses the variation in timing on the school construction, which is based on the proportion to the number of children of primary school age not enrolled in school. Cornelissen et al. (2018) use a similar quasi-random shock. They use the expansion in publicly provided child care in ...
Empirical evidence suggests considerable long-term effects of adverse working conditions experienced in earlier stages of life on physical and mental health several years (or even decades) later (Wahrendorf, Hoven, Goldberg, Zins, & Siegrist, 2019), or on health after labour market exit (Wahrend...
Indeed, the International Labor Organization (ILO) has estimated that there were around 25 million forced workers worldwide,2 while over 150 million children between the ages of 5 and 17 were engaged in child labor3 (International Labour Organization, 2017, International Labour Organization, 2018)....
International Labour Migration and the Economic Development in Developing Countries : The Case Study of The Philippines about The Effects of Remittance on ... International Labour Migration and the Economic Development in Developing Countries : The Case Study of The Philippines about The Effects of ...
consumption sides of society would exert a more long-term impact on carbon emissions. Therefore, examining the impact of aging on carbon emissions should consider the indirect effects of consumption and production both. Since the onset of the twenty-first century, China has undergone a phase of ...
Gender role development occurs in the earliest months and years of a child’s life. Parental attitudes, behaviours and modelling are likely to play a significant role in this process; however, to date no review has been conducted to consolidate knowledge of the effects of differential parenting ...
Many theories recognize parity differences in the effect of parenthood on subjective well-being. First, set-point theory assumes that people eventually adopt to parenthood. If this adaptation occurs gradually, then the effect of parenthood should peak when the first child is young because the birth...