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则treatment outcome = yi(1)-yi(0)。比如,研究大学学历对于年收入的影响,大学学历影响等于拿到学历后的收入减去拿到学历之前收入。 目标是研究平均试验效果(average treatment effect,ATE)。 【问题是】很多情况下我们无法同时观测某个个体yi(0)和yi(1)。对于大学学历影响,除非是对个体做长时间序列追踪,才能准确得...
Oriented toward the applied researcher with a basic background in multiple regression and logistic regression, this book shows readers the general strategies for testing interactions in logistic regression as well as providing the tools to interpret and understand the meaning of coefficients in equations...
An important line of multimodal studies draws on Halliday’s (1978) systemic functional linguistics, which views language as social semiotic and emphasizes that meaning arises from social interaction. This social semiotic view of language was then applied to other modes of communication, which gave ri...
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of this literature and con- cluded that negative effects of reward were limited and could be easily prevented in applied settings. A more recent meta-analysis of the literature by Deci, Koestner, and Ryan (1999) shows pervasive negative effects of reward. The purpose of the present article ...
(30 µM, Sigma, Denmark) and baclofen (10 µM, Sigma, Denmark) were used as agonists of the GABAAand GABABreceptors, respectively. Stock solutions were stored in appropriate aliquots at -20oC prior and diluted in ACSF to final concentrations before use, and all drugs were applied via ...
Although the effects of core stability exercise and myofascial release technique on LBP are known separately, their effects are not yet known when applied together. To the best of our knowledge, there is no randomized controlled study investigating the effects of the myofascial rel...