The whole experiment including EEG measures and experimental task lasted about 5 h, including pauses, placement and removal of EEG electrodes. In this study, RT was measured as the time between the onset of the arrow array and the control button press. Trials with RTs longer or shorter than ...
The electrode placement was chosen to approximate the location of the coil and the direction of the current. In order to localise the position of the electrodes, the EEG cap was placed on the head, and measurements were made from Cz to the midpoint between electrodes C1, C3, CP1, CP3 (...
two for horizontal electrooculography (placed at left and right canthus), two for vertical electrooculography (placed 1 cm above and below the left eye), two for offline re-referencing (placed at mastoids), and two for measuring heart rate (modified lead-2 placement on chest; results will ...
Figure 1. Flow chart illustrating the procedure for amplitude modulation time series extraction from EEG signals. In the top left corner, the straight line denotes the original and band-filtered EEG signal. The dashed lines and adjoining blocks represent the envelope extraction and processing stages....
However, the insertion of external metal electrodes into the brain requires a high level of surgical skill, involves significant surgical risks, and may lead to complications such as infection and bleeding. Due to these limitations, the use of invasive methods is highly restricted. Non-invasive ...
Electrode placement followed the 10–20 system. During the experiment, electrode impedance was measured with pure water and maintained below 5 kΩ, with the reference electrode placed on the right earlobe. A button was used to start the driving video. Speakers were used to play ambient sounds ...
However, the bottom chart inFigure 3demonstrating classification accuracy for 4 min epochs, shows a slight decrease in the accuracy in some of the classifiers when decibel normalization was introduced. This dip in accuracy may be due to the sub-optimal choice of the baseline which plays a signif...
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Moreover, computational challenges include the optimal placement of a reduced number of electrodes and the robustness of BCI algorithms to a smaller set of recording sites. As we mentioned previously, the challenges currently facing EEG-based BCI systems are two-pronged: technological and user ...
Figure 2.Top view of the international 10–20 electrode placement system on a human scalp. Preprocessingis the procedure which is carried out in order to reduce the noise from the signal and apply some filtering and other methods in order to remove artifacts which are caused by endogenous sourc...