The same scaling of diversity with interactions of different orders can also be obtained by demanding that the expected variance of the random interactions be weaker than the self-stabilizing term. The n-species interaction term is given by:with...
By understanding their roles and impacts, it becomes easier for the ecosystem partners to make the ecosystem less vulnerable to external shocks or pressures (e.g. Cusumano et al., 2019) and better able to build long-term trust-based relationships (Surie, 2017). An example of a case in ...
1a shows that flash droughts can occur across all bioclimatic regimes, which are defined by long-term dryness index and tree-cover dominance (Fig. 1b). A higher likelihood of flash droughts is detected in the tropics and subtropics including northern South America, part of Africa including the...
risk factor or transaction cost term such as inDeep hedging,Deep Direct Reinforcement Learning for Financial Signal Representation and Trading, andDeep reinforcement learning for trading. In this section, you are required to try all the above-mentioned reward functions, then compare the results. You ...
These marginal values are derived by dividing the β parameter for an attribute by the β parameter for the price attribute, since the resultant term expresses the scaled marginal utility associated with a change in an attribute in monetary units. In estimating the marginal effects using the RPL ...
Rapid biological processes involved in geochemical processes have important effects on the short-term geological carbon cycle. The karst resulted bicarbonate can be used as an inorganic carbon source for photosynthesis of aquatic plants and algae, thus be fixed in aquatic plants. Karst water with hig...
The health care system in China is evolving rapidly, while its long-term future remains highly uncertain. With the right influences and decisions, any scenario elaborated in this paper, or a combination of them, could happen by 2030 or even sooner. The time is now for all stakeholders in ...
That trend was happening anyway, but it’s been accelerated by COVID. Pakistan is a net beneficiary of that because now a lot of companies are hiring from Pakistan. People sitting in Pakistan can work for a U.S. company. That also puts pressure on that tal...
In all other cases, Pdi is equal to zero, while the term m refers to the number of days in the half-month period. The terms α and β are undetermined parameters, while Pd12 denotes the average daily rainfall more than 12 mm, and Py10 refers to the annual average rainfall for days ...
Therefore, future studies should explore the time scale effect of the trade-off/synergy relationship and explore such relationship over the long term. 5. Conclusions Given its accelerating urbanization, the land use pattern of Anyang significantly changed over the years, with built land showing the ...