(2) identifying and discussing how the ecosystem literature has developed over time, showing a shift from mere focal firm/single partner orientation towards a system-level orientation; (3) systematically demarcating ecosystem types by accounting for (and distinguishing between) their conceptual ...
Lake Sanabria (42°7′12.2″N, 6°42′27.9″W) constitutes a unique ecosystem among the inland waters of Spain, being the largest natural lake in the Iberian Peninsula (area 3.536 km2, volume 99.114 hm3). The lake has a relatively small watershed (~ 122.16 km2) (Fig.1,S1), mainly ...
Ecosystem service research has become increasingly fruitful with the development of biophysical models and the application of high spatial resolution datasets7. In addition to static assessments, the spatial and temporal variability of ecosystem service values has received considerable attention. However, in...
Each organism has a limit of tolerance to cold and hot temperatures. So, the closer it lives to those limits, the higher the chances of experiencing thermal stress and potentially dying. In our recent paper, we revise gaps in the knowledge of tolerance to high temperatures in cold-blooded ...
Basically, an agent has two fundamental functions, and the data flow is shown in Fig.4: explore_env():it allows the agent to interact with the environment and generates transitions for training networks. update_net():it first fetches a batch of transitions from the Replay Buffer, and then ...
Since some ecosystem service categories overlap, there is a risk of double counting in valuation, which therefore requires clear separation between intermediate and final service. The US Environmental Protection Agency has proposed additional classifications to avoid double counting. These include Final Eco...
Themostcomplicatedsystem:ecosystem.2.PropertiesofEcosystem Tansley(1935):alltheorganismsandphysicalinteractionsinadefinedspace.E.P.Odum’sdefinition:Ecosystemisahomeostasis(稳态)thatiscomposedofalltheorganismsandtheirenvironments.Bymaterialcycles,energyflowandinformationtransport,ithasdefinedspace,...
and which is lead by the senior author. During the last two decades, the connection of biodiversity to variables that can be measured in the forest and provided by simulation models has been one of the focuses of our research (Dieler et al.2017; Biber et al.2015; Pretzsch2005; Pretzsch...
The first three categories have a direct impact on human well-being, whereas the latter has an indirect impact by supporting provisional, regulative, and cultural services. For simplicity we will refer to all categories as services throughout this article. However, all these services, whether ...
The correlation between the four ecosystem health sub-indicators and the overall ecosystem health index shows that a good urban ecological environment has a positive spillover effect on the surrounding areas, and the consistency of the spatial distribution of ecosystem health indicates that effective ...