90、限制性定价(Limitpricing) 限制性定价是指为了阻止其他厂商进人而采取的一种定价。限制性价格是 一种使得进入者失望或阻止它们进入的价格。 91、长期(Longrun) 长期是指所有投入品都是可变的时间期限。在长期中厂商可以全部改变它 所使用的资源。 92、边际成本(Marginalcost) 边际成本是指由于增加最后一单位产...
Alevel Economics 经济答案 6EC03_01_msc_20100716 GCE
In a more general sense, the whole field of energy-relatedbehavior and decision makingprovides multiple opportunities for socio-economic collaborations. A holistic framework covering the diverse influences on human decisions in the energy context can help to further structure potential contributions from ...
help others. We then illustrate how these concepts can be applied in two settings:financeand savings. Financial markets have greater arbitrage opportunities than other markets, so behavioral factors might be thought to be less important here, but we show that even here the limits of arbitrage ...
basket of services delivered. In this supplier is free to raise the prices of one product from the basket so that he could be able to adjust the basket fixed prices. This approach calls for a weighted average pricing. Furthermore, this will help to discourage the competitive pricing strategy...
Chapter 1: Introduction1.1A More Formal Introduction to IO1. Why are markets organized or structured as they are? Four aspects:(a) Firm boundariesVertical integration: sequential production stages are organized within a single firmOutsourcing: purchase the service or input; not internally carry out...
Chapter 7: Game Theory I7.1 Why Game Theory?Payoff interdependency: the optimal choice by an agent depends on the actions of othersIn contrast withdecision-theoretic situation: no recognized payoff interdependencyE.g. in decision-theoretic: gas & electricity pricing; Windows’ operating system; ...
Second, he favors zoning laws that would limit the density of chain stores. He and others have also called for “vacancy taxes” that punish landlords who sit on empty storefronts for months at a time. All of these policies could help small businesses push back against the blandification ...
For example, businesses such as banks can lobby the government for help in the areas of competition, special subsidies,grants, andtariffprotection. If a business succeeds in getting laws passed to limit their competition, bail them out of economic hardship, or createbarriers to entryfor others, ...
As with demand, supply constraints may limit theprice elasticity of supplyfor a product.Supply shockscan cause a disproportionate price change for an essential commodity. Equilibrium Price Also called a market-clearing price, the equilibrium price is that at which demand matches supply, producing a ...