rather, to draw some empirical conclusions from the history. Avoiding bare verdicts of success or failure, the authors have devised nu- merical measures of the effectiveness of each use of sanctions for achieving its apparent objective. Thus, for each episode the effectiveness of the sanc- tion...
The paper proposes several key questions that should be unavoidable in the research on history of economic sanctions. Four key questions are identified. The first one is what the aim of the sanctions is; what are they supposed to achieve? The second question relates to...
In the Cold War stage, the global economy saw the emergence of "two parallel world markets", in which the contest between the United States and the USSR was one between 6 We select Japan, the United States, and the European Union as examples because they represent the direction in the ...
摘要:2016 may well go down in history as a year when political and economic tides turned. The election of Donald Trump as the United States (US) President is the most prominent event to suggest this. Many see this as the culmination - so far - of a backlash again...
Recent exchanges between Russia and Western nations, particularly in relation to seafood, are noteworthy examples of such sanctions. Increased tensions between Russia and the West resulted from a sequence of events in 2014 surrounding Russia’s annexation of Crimea. At the time, most states did not...
We discuss how the apparently paradoxical excess reciprocity effect is consistent with the cultural role of heroes in history, where examples of commendable giving have been used to stimulate emulation of ordinary people. Our results suggest that the excess reciprocity component of the trustee makes ...
The World Economic Forum holds its annual summit in Davos, Switzerland — usually in January each year. However, due to the Covid 19 pandemic, the 2021 meeting took place virtually for the first time in its history. In 2022, organizers rescheduled the event to May due to a global Covid ...
sanctions, was in far worse shape. A vote total of 3.3 million would represent “a notably adverse national context or with such a serious negative accumulation that it would have implied the rupture of the cohesion of the Chávista forces and their support base in a deep, generalized and ...
Potential fraudsters need to see that there is a greater likelihood of detection and that those in breach of a company's ethical, regulatory and legal guidelines will be consistently subject to sanctions that fit the offence.4 There may be other explanations for these consistently high figures. ...
leader. Oil production in Iran started declining in late 1978, due to a labor strike in opposition to the Shah's policies, and the situation led to one of the largest (5.6 million bpd) and longest (nearly six months) supply disruptions in history.16This supply loss contributed to one of...