Over the past decade, the increasing wealth of new archaeological data on the Middle Stone Age (MSA) in Senegal and Mali has broadened our understanding of West Africa’s contributions to cultural developments. Within the West African sequence, the phase of Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3, ca....
upwelling-favourable winds (e.g. equatorward alongshore winds) due to the intensification of the continental-oceanic pressure gradient under global warming9. A more recent hypothesis suggests an alternative mechanism, whereby a poleward shift of the oceanic high-pressure system would stimulate latitude...
Over the past century, anthropogenic influences have impacted the vulnerability of these ecosystems, and human-induced species introductions and subsequent species invasions also contribute to increasing this vulnerability. The growing worldwide awareness of bioinvasion as a major cause of global ...