Life cycle stages consist of eggs, miracidia, sporocysts, rediae, cercariae, metacercariae, and marita (adult worm). Birds become infected by ingesting infective metacercariae attached to substrates (water plants, snail shells, etc.; Fig. 14-97) or are located in tissues or organs of second ...
Following earthworms from birth to maturity, The Life Cycle of an Earthworm explains the stages of development these ancient annelids undergo before they reach adulthood. Children will be surprised to discover the enormous impact earthworms have on the environment. Illustrations and photographs illuminate...
Cocoon also contains albuminous substances secreted by the glands of the clitellum for the nourishment of the embryo. Direct development occurs in the cocoon with no larval stages. The zygote undergoes holoblastic and a modified spiral cleavage resulting in a hollow ball of cells, the blastula, ...
Osteocalcin directly participates in the mineralization process and is a marker for mature osteoblasts that is expressed in the late stages of osteogenic differentiation. Moreover, osteopontin and osteocalcin are extracellular matrix proteins and crucial for bone tissue formation. The Western blot analysis...
Values of δ15N and δ13C typically increased from litter to deeper soil, and δ15N from earthworm tissue indicated that epigeic earthworms exploited resources in the early stages of decomposition of fresh litter, whereas endogeic earthworms consumed more degraded substances [84]. On the other hand...
3. The DNA damage engages with a series of cellular response events that result in either cell cycle arrest or in some extreme cases it leads to apoptosis4. When the DNA damage occurs, its hurried and synchronized action of various signaling pathways, including cell-cycle checkpoint activation5...
The main aim of this work is to provide basic data on the aspects of pro-oxidant and antioxidant processes in different life stages of Eudrilus eugeniae. The levels of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), along with the byproducts of lipid and protein ...
chlorotica survival, whether the same is true for other earthworm species, ecotypes and life-cycle stages warrants further investigation. Considering the important role that worms play in soil health, field scale studies are also required to monitor the impacts of repeated digestate application on ...
Overall, Eisenia fetida performed better than E. eugeniae and P. posthuma. This study fills the gaps in antioxidant enzyme activities at the different age stages of earthworms.Kumar, RahulYadav, RenuGupta, R. K.Pal, AjayYodha, KiranKumar, AkshayIndian Journal of Exper...
In summer, all life stages were recovered from rotting wood above the mineral soil. Sampling in winter found cocoons in rotting wood below snow. These hatched rapidly (within 2 weeks) when taken to the laboratory. Laboratory culture allowed maintenance of a population for 2 years. Mean cocoon ...