The spread of COVID-19 infections in Japan has proceeded under the strong influence of the Tokyomonopolar land system. In particular, we identified a strong population-scale effect in infection growth in Tokyo.In the USAand Europe, in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, the epicenters...
However, in order for individuals to take protective action, they need to receive and be notified of the alert, understand the alert message, and have enough contextual knowledge to take appropriate protective action (Lindell2018; Adams et al.2022; McBride et al.2022). In general, warning syst...