Understanding how global mean surface temperature (GMST) has varied over the past half-billion ...
(1977) The history of the Earth's surface temperature for the last 100 106 years. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 5: pp. 319-355Savin, S. M.: 1977, ‘The history of the Earth's surface temperature for the last 100 10 6 years’, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary ...
The annual averages go back in history only to 1880, when meteorologists began using modern scientific instruments to monitor temperatures precisely.References GISS (Goddard Institute for Space Studies). 2010. Surface Temperature Analysis. James Hansen, Makiko Sato, Reto Ruedy, Ken Lo, David W. ...
The Atmosphere - History N.Dauphas,A.Morbidelli, inTreatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition), 2014 6.1.3.1.3Carbon Earth's surfacecarbon cyclehas been the subject of much attention due to the societal importance of that element as a fuel and a greenhouse gas.Mackenzie and Lerman (2006)andSu...
As Earth’s surface is heated by sunlight, it radiates part of this energy back toward space as infrared radiation. This radiation, unlike visible light, tends to be absorbed by the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, raising its temperature. The heated atmosphere in turn radiates infrared ...
(present atmospheric level) and use the logarithmic scale on the right-hand y-axis. Ocean surface temperature (°C) uses the right axis. Solar luminosity is presented as a percentage of today’s value, and uses the left axis. Impact rate is also based on recent rates and uses the left-...
term model of the evolution of Earth’s carbon, oxygen and phosphorus cycles, which is capable of reproducing the broad observed changes in atmosphere and ocean O2 levels, atmospheric CO2, carbonate carbon isotopes, global average surface temperature and phosphorus burial rates over Earth’s history...
mean surface pressure1 bar mean surface temperature288 K (59 °F, 15 °C) number of known moons1 (the Moon) The atmosphere and hydrosphere The blankets of volatilegasesandliquidsnear and above the surface of Earth are, along withsolar energy, of prime importance to thesustenanceof life on...
From the perspective of material composition, more than 90% of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that have a decisive impact on the habitable environment on the surface are essentially stored in the deep Earth. Therefore, a slight “turbulence” in the deep Earth will profoundly ...
The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) exerts strong control on the Indo-Pacific climate. This Review outlines twenty-first-century changes in the IOD, noting robust increases in eastern pole sea surface temperature variability, more frequent strong and early positive IOD events, and less frequent moderate ...