These studies suggest a possible interaction between soil and additive based on the additive adsorption onto soil particles and intercalation in the interlayer of expansive clay particles because of a hydrogen bonding and cation exchange mechanism. In the present study, the intercalation of lignin ...
These groups include hydroxyl (–OH), which can participate in surface complexation for cation adsorption; carbonyl (C=O), which interacts through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions; O–H, which leads to the formation of hydrogen bonding; and C–O, which enhances ion-exchange and ...