Parent-report of children’s gender similarity was used because this is the most common method to assess gender identity of children younger than five years of age (Bloom et al., 2021). Children at this age are less able to verbalize their gender identity. There is evidence that parents ar...
Testosterone is notably higher in males than in females during two periods of early human development - from about weeks 8 to 24 of gestation - and during the first few months after birth [13-15]. These, therefore, are the times when testosterone is likely to influence human gender developme...
35 Stratified random sampling by age and educational attainment was used to recruit approximately equal proportions of Black participants aged 50 to 64 years and 65 years and older. Exclusion criteria for both studies included an electronic medical record diagnosis of dementia or other neurodegenerative...
For example, ST-46 found that parents who believed that digital play was beneficial for their children tended to allow their children to use devices more frequently and for longer periods of time. Similarly, ST-13 also found that parents tended to limit their children's video-game play based...
For both periods (pregnancy and early parenthood), the following factors were considered Age (18–24, 25–29, 30–34, 35–39, 40–44, or 45–49 years), educational attainment (junior high or high school graduate, or > high school graduate), smoking status (never-smoker, former smoker...
This results in a significant gap in our understanding of how these experiences change the functional organization of the brain and how early in development these differences can be detected—an essential step in identifying periods of early intervention. This study aims to examine the association ...
However, children of those who smoked during both the prenatal and postnatal periods exhibited a 0.5-cm reduction in height at age 5 years. The authors suggested that birth weight and gestational age mediated the association because the association disappears after adjustment for these 2 variables. ...
(3–6 years old) were interviewed to gain insight into their perspectives on the physical ECEC environment. This study indicates that children desire a physical ECEC environment with various affordances supporting different play possibilities and that the social context influences how children may ...
Pregnancy and the first years of a child’s life are vital for optimal brain development, as they are periods of great sensitivity and vulnerability for establishing the structural and functional abilities of the brain. Most of the risk and protective factors identified in this study are modifiable...
In the following section, we will discuss how the effectiveness of scaffolds can change depending on interaction effects, that is, based on the relationship between children’s unique traits and the characteristics of the scaffolds over different time periods. We contend that, due to these ...