"Pope" Anicetus (155-166) Bishop Anicetus (perhaps the first clear "bishop of Rome", none were called popes until the late fourth century) was a collaborator with the heretic Justin, and ineffective against the heretics Marcion and Valentinus. "Pope" Soter (166-175) Bishop Soter is claime...
This article tries to use prosopography and genealogy to document the stratagems employed by the Roman aristocracy in this period to gain and retain power, especially through placements of popes. An Appendix shows how brutal and short the lives of many of these medieval popes were....
11 Then you shall say to the master of the house, 'The Teacher says to you, "Where is the guest room where I may eat the Passover with My disciples?"' 12 Then he will show you a large, furnished upper room; there make ready." 13 So they went and found it just as He had sai...
The heroic vision of the High Renaissance artists and their patrons was shared by their wealthy patrons who set out to better the \'ancients\'. In Rome and Milan, artists and architects were commissioned to aggrandize the triumphs of popes and princes, dynasties, and the Church. Bramante led...
As a 'case study', this paper considers the so-called 'Crypt of the Popes' in the catacombs of Callixtus, which is universally presented unproblematically as an authentic burial chamber attesting to an age of persecution and the strength of Catholic apostolic succession. This paper argues, by...
The cardinals' readiness to adopt this approach suggests that their selection of popes was more sophisticated than has sometimes been credited and that they recognized that strong government was not always a desirable end in the complex world of Roman politics.Pattenden...
How was the power of the papacy weakened? 1. Babylonian Captivity (1305-1375) Philip IV (France) quarreled with pope over his power to tax the clergy Pope Boniface kidnapped in 1296 and replaced with French pope, Clement V Seven popes ruled the Church from Avignon, France Many Christians th...
and with regard to several customs of Jewish origin which were still practiced in some Christian communities...Polycratus justified himself before the pope with a letter containing the phrase "...it is more important to obey God rather than men" (Lopes A. The Popes: The lives of the pontif...
Acts of the Apostles, fifth book of the New Testament, a valuable history of the early Christian church. Acts was written in Greek, presumably by the Evangelist Luke, whose gospel concludes where Acts begins, namely, with Christ’s Ascension into heaven.
Humanistic studies continued under the powerful popes of the High Renaissance, Julius II and Leo X, as did the development of polyphonic music. The Sistine Choir, which performed at services when the pope officiated, drew musicians and singers from all of Italy and northern Europe. Among the mo...