Patch electrode was pulled to the tip resistance of 3–5 mΩ using a two-stage puller (Narishige). Potassium-based intracellular solution, containing (in mM): K-gluconate 130, MgCl2 1, CaCl2 1, KCl 1, HEPES 10, EGTA 11, Mg-ATP 2, Na-GTP 0.3 (pH 7.3, 290 mOsm), was used to ...