cattle raiding and warfare (from other clans to supp. wealth) livestock = property, gift economy (not market) clan relies on sacrif. distribution of wealth Transition to later Vedic Period chiefdom --> kingship, inc. social diff., threefold caste system to fourfold ...
Karma, Dharma, and the theory of Samsara and moksha are the core beliefs that almost all who define themselves as a practicer of Hinduism would accept. The belief of karma started out in the Early Vedic period merely as “ritualistic action or labor”. It transformed into a “moral law”...
To provide such a basis, the present paper is an investigation of the forces behind the formation of the Kuru realm at the end of the gvedic period. The emergence of the Kuru realm is of extraordinary importance as its civilization has influenced later Indian ritual, society and political ...
This therapeutic focus becomes more explicit in later premodern haṭha texts, starting with the 15th -century Haṭhapradīpikā (Birch, 2018a). The early Haṭhayoga texts and Gharote’s definition of health converge primarily on the concept of bodily impurities, referred to as malas, ...
the laterUpanishads[=oo-PAHN-i-shadz] (composed, ca. 8th-6th centuries BC), which are commentaries on the hymns of theVedasand explanations of Vedic beliefs. In them are found fundamental speculations about right and wrong, the universal order of the universe, and human destiny. ...
As is well known the bull has survived as an important motif in the steatite seals of Indus civilization (c 2500–1500) and later became the favorite vehicle of the Hindu god Rudra-Shiva whose earliest literary mention is in Vedic literature of the second millennium before the Common Era. A...
which from the outset eschewed 'the myth that Indian civilization was a concrete unity,' to argue that erotic literatures in India documented a gradual and uneven shift from pre-Aryan matriarchal social 6 See Schmidt (1904) and Meyer (1915) and for a much later work in this tradition, see...
The Ashvamedha (Sanskrit: asvamedhá) is a horse sacrifice ritual followed by the Srauta tradition of Vedic religion. It was used by ancient Indian kings to prove their imperial sovereignty: a horse accompanied by the king’s warriors would be released to wander for a period of ...
In Jayanta’s words, “What belongs to the destructive debater, who is the speaker of the later standpoint, as it is dependent on putting forward an earlier standpoint, by the maxim of ‘one hand and the other hand’, is said to be a counter-standpoint”, concluding that the counter-...
Early life exposure to different qualities and quantities of protein and lipids has been shown to have a lasting impact on adult metabolic health [2–5]. Dietary carbohydrates may also have a role in programming of later-life metabolic health, as both quality and quantity could provide cues ...