DystoniaDefinitionDefinitionThis is a movement disorder characterized by abnormal muscle tone. It manifests as sustained, repetitive muscle contractions cause twisting and jerking movements or abnormal posturdoi:10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_1364Thomas R. E. Barnes...
Dystonia characterizes a group of neurological movement disorders characterized by abnormal muscle movements,often with repetitive or sustained contraction resulting in abnormal posturing.Different types of dystonia present based on the affected body regions and play a prominent role in determining the potenti...
Muscle Tone | Definition, Abnormality & Grading from Chapter 9 / Lesson 13 19K Learn to define muscle tone and muscle tone grading. Learn about the conditions associated with abnormal muscle tone and abnormally increased muscle function. Related...
Dystonia is described as a syndrome of involuntary sustained muscle contraction, causing twisting or repetitive movements, or abnormal postures (Fahn, 1988; Fahnet al., 1998). The twisting quality is unique to this condition, and helps to distinguish dystonic postures from other conditions that are...
Cervical dystonia (CD) is another form of primary focal dystonia characterized by involuntary muscle contractions causing abnormal postures and/or twisting movements of the head and neck (Defazio, Jankovic, Giel, & Papapetropoulos, 2013).
Clasping behaviour is considered a sur- rogate for dystonia in rodent models as it mimics the sustained muscle contractions and abnormal postures seen in humans [116]. Clasping behaviour occurs in many animal models of HD and primary dystonia [34, 47, 71, 125]. Furthermore, clasping ...
The finding of abnormal basal ganglia related motor learning in cervical dystonia is in keeping with the concept of dystonia as network disorder involving BGTC networks. Although a potential role of the cerebellum in the pathophysiology of dystonia is supported by numerous studies, our findings of ...
tonically active neurons, given characteristic property of autonomous firing without synaptic activity [1]. Hyperactivity of the ChIs may explain improvement of dystonia with anticholinergics [2]. More recent evidence has also supported the role of ChIs in abnormal corticostriatal synaptic plasticity [3...
R. Abnormal motor patterns in the framework of the equilibrium-point hypothesis: a cause for dystonic movements? Biol Cybern 71, 87–94 (1994). 8. Nowak, D. A., Rosenkranz, K., Topka, H. & Rothwell, J. Disturbances of grip force behaviour in focal hand dystonia: evidence for a ...
Experimentally, one abnormal heterozygotic gene decreased the production of the enzyme to less than 50%, e.g. some below 20% and others around 30–40%, which clinically as symptomatic patients and asymptomatic carriers, respectively. Other experiments show dominant negative effects which differ ...