where V is the covariance matrix of the error term ϵ(f) and the superscript “H” denotes the Hermitian conjugate. Partial directed coherence (πij(f)) is calculated as follows: $${\pi }_{i\leftarrow j}(f)=\frac{\frac{1}{{\delta }_{i}^{2}}| {\overline{A}}_{ij}(f){...
Non-linearity of power amplifiers distorts the signal and the problem of high PAPR persists in OFDM systems which reduces the efficiency of power amplifiers (Abdullah 2011), hence PAPR is a major drawback to the OFDM systems. To overcome the drawback of high PAPR and improving the PAPR in ...
Fractional-order theory has successfully solved many non-classical problems in practical systems, which makes it an important branch of mathematics. It has been proved that fractional calculus can more accurately describe the actual models in the fields of network control, structural mechanics, biologica...