Which step of the cellular respiration process produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose? A) NADH is oxidized by the electron transport chain. B) FADH_2 is oxidized by the electron transport chain. C) Glucose is reduced to pyruvate. ...
Acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) is produced and incorporated into lipids, which plays a key metabolic function in the organism. Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase (ACSA) is a plastidic enzyme that uses the energy of ATP to form acetyl-CoA from acetate and coenzyme. Previous studies have concluded ...
Due to the unique nature of spermatozoa, which are transcriptionally and translationally silent, the regulation of capacitation is based on the formation of posttranslational modifications of proteins (PTMs). However, the interactions between different t
where the various substrate dehydrogenases transfer electrons to the acceptor reductases (nitrate and nitrite reductases). In theseBacillusspp., nitrate reduction is always coupled with the fermentative growth, during which ATP is produced by the conversion of pyruvate and acetyl-CoA to...
process is known as reverse electron transfer (RET) and is favoured when ATP generation by the ATP synthase is low10,11. At the flavin site of complex I electrons can react with molecular oxygen, forming superoxide, which is converted further to H2O2. Succinate is thus a major cause of ...
While high oxygen partial pressures act as driving force to oxygen diffusion across the vasa recta, such diffusion process are limited by high oxygen affinity of hemoglobin resulting in a safer oxygen delivery to the inner medullar regions36. We cannot conclude from our experiments in which manner...
(Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula) together caused inflammation and oxidative stress in the A16Con cattle. At this time, the most upregulated ruminal L-ornithine produced more catabolites polyamines, which caused oxidative stress to rumen microbes and their host; the downregulated ruminal vitamin B6 ...
The chain length of 16 to 22 carbons with the cis configuration is the most common. Oleic acid (18:1 n-9), which is the primary representative of MUFAs, is present in plants and animals. The palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7), which is a major component in some seed oils, is found widely...
Synthesis or hydrolysis of each ATP molecule is associated with a ~120° rotation of the γ subunit within F1, leading to conformations of the enzyme known as rotational State 1, 2, and 3 Ref.9. During ATP hydrolysis, which is better studied than ATP synthesis, this ~120° rotation is ...
Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of the immune cells in response to inflammatory stimuli. This metabolic process involves a switch from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis or alterations in other metabolic pathways. However, most of the experimental findings have been acquired in murine...