Sensors have made it both technically and economically feasible to review driving behaviour in natural surroundings on a large scale, through unobtrusive data collection and without experimental control. However, raw sensor data, that requires more than two or three dimensions to represent, can be dif...
The penalty function method is used to transform the optimization problem of Equations (2)–(5) into another optimization problem without constraints: 𝐽fuel=min[∑𝑁𝑘=1𝑚fuel(𝑘)+𝑚o𝑒lim]Jfuel=min∑k=1Nmfuelk+moelim (6) ...