The behind-the-wheel testing is used to determine maximum speed, distance from home, and whether driving is okay when headlights are required. If VA < 20/100, it must also be approved by a medical review board If VA is < 20/200 in one or both eyes, the license is denied ...
The proportion of population between 50 and 64, the distance from the center of Columbus, and the average maximum speed of roads are negatively associated with the number of crashes. In the CAR models (Table 6), which address the spatial dependency issue, the results showed that there were ...
distance of the front axle to the center of mass, distance of the rear axle to the center of mass, front axle clearance, rear axle clearance, longitudinal left-front-wheel force, longitudinal right-front-wheel force, longitudinal left-rear-wheel force, longitudinal right-rear-wheel force, later...
and potentially safer manner. This study incorporates not only human factors into the safety research of vehicle cybersecurity, but also builds direct connections between drivers’ risky driving style, which may come from their inherent risk-taking tendency, to response behavior to vehicle cyberattacks...
pattern and the driver’s vertical eye distance feature, which first uses a Haar cascade classifier for face and eye detection, then uses a cascade regression method to obtain 68 key points in the face region, and finally determines the fatigue state by blink and vertical eye distance features...
where 𝜌ρ denotes the distance of center points, 𝑐c denotes the diagonal distance of the minimum closure region that can simultaneously contains both prediction boxes and ground truth boxes, 𝛼α denotes the trade-off parameter, and 𝜈ν denotes the consistency of aspect ratio. 3.4. Our...
ToF cameras are depth-sensing devices that determine the distance to objects by measuring the time light travels from the camera to the object and back. Unlike traditional LiDAR, which scans the environment point by point, ToF cameras simultaneously capture an entire 2D array of distances, providin...
Given the assumption that the speed is constant, from (2) and (3), the following can be obtained: 𝑑2tan𝛿2=𝑒0+𝑣𝑡d2tanδ2=e0+vt (4) Additionally, let us assume that the distance from the camera to the vehicle is significantly larger than the vehicle’s size, i.e.,...
This method is commonly used for detecting curved lanes that are relatively distant from the camera. Autonomous driving systems not only rely on cameras but also actively involve research utilizing distance-detection sensors such as lidar. Three-dimensional lidar enables more precise distance measurements...
In contrast, radar can capture the distance and speed of a target as a sensor that is not susceptible to bad weather but at a relatively low resolution. In this paper, we use radar and RGB images as inputs to our proposed architecture. Unlike indoor depth estimation, the outdoor scene ...