The change in demographic structure and increase in population better lifestyle and high living standers and massive developments in Qatar have brought about environmental problems, e.g, increasing tonnage of s
materials such as glassware, tools, waste, and utensils in gravity autoclaving. In contrast, pre-vacuum autoclaving allows air to be removed first by a vacuum pump. This step allows steam to penetrate porous areas of the objects that could not be approached by the gravity method (Sandle2013b;...