Physical barriers to keep free radicals at bay (intact skin and epithelium) Oxygen-neutralizing enzymes to counteract free radicals Antioxidants, which help repair the damage done by free radicals An imbalance of free radicals in the body can cause damage that overwhelms the body's defenses. If ...
In some cases, a total penectomy may be required, followed by a perineal urethrostomy, in which the surgeon makes an opening in the perineum, between the scrotum and anus, to allow urine to drain. Because the urethral sphincter muscle (the muscle that controls urine flow) is preserved, the...