Irradiation of food for the purposes of extension of shelf life, control of microbial load, reduction of pathogenic microorganisms and disinfection is regarded by many consumers with suspicion. One reason is the lack of methods within food-controlling laboratories which can detect irradiation treatment ...
Show that if the sequences of random variables X_n and Y_n converge in probability to x and y respectively, then X_nY_n converges to xy in probability. What is the mean of the probability distribution? Explain why this is or is not a probability distribution. x = 1, ...
Some also write this one as P(X∈[x,x+dx]) to represent the probability that the random variable X takes on values in the interval [x,x+dx]. I have seen similar notation a lot in my readings such as the ff: P(Zv∈dy)=1Γ(v)e−yyv−1dyandP(∫0τeσBs−pσ2s/2ds...
Increased automation transparency can improve the accuracy of automation use but can lead to increased bias towards agreeing with advice. Information about the automation’s confidence in its advice may also increase the predictability of automation erro
The sample space of a random variable or an experiment is defined as the set of all possible outcomes of that experiment. In set notation, the...Become a member and unlock all Study Answers Start today. Try it now Create an account Ask a question Our experts can answer your tough ...
When r = 1, the subjective probability value is the same as the objective probability value, and the game subject is in a rational state; when r < 1, the subjective probability value is higher than the objective probability value, and the game subject overestimates the probability of choice...
(Awartani et al. 2016). In addition, as the main variables of interest in this study are variables that change across time and country but are constant across firms, the random effects model is augmented with country, year, and industry effects that enter as regressors (Awartani et al. ...
In addition to being an index to measure volatility, traders can also trade VIX futures, options, and ETFs to hedge or speculate on volatility changes in the index. In general, volatility can be measured using two different methods. The first method is based on historical volatility, using sta...
In addition, some corporate laws provide further variants: for example, in some countries, companies have, or can have, a “board of auditors” (e.g., Italy, Portugal, Japan), which can be seen as a vestigial version of the supervisory board as it is only entrusted to check the ...
The Mk1 (Markov k-state 1 parameter model) is a k-state generalization of the Jukes-Cantor model, corre- sponding to Lewis's (2001) Mk model, which gives equal probability (or rate) for changes between any two character states. The rate of change can be esti- mated for each ...