Chemical synthesis of DNA occurs in a 3′ to 5′ direction, which is the opposite ofDNA synthesisin the cell. Since chemicals cannot discern which group is the correct one for addition of the next nucleotide, these reactive groups are protected and deprotected as needed. ...
In addition, it is essential that cells arrested in S-phase do not attempt mitosis until replication is complete. The mitotic delay triggered by DNA synthesis inhibition, which is also likely mediated through maintenance of inhibitory phosphorylation of Cdk1 (O'Connell et al., 2000), is ...
Aneuploidy is a hallmark of human cancer, yet the molecular mechanisms to cope with aneuploidy-induced cellular stresses remain largely unknown. Here, we induce chromosome mis-segregation in non-transformed RPE1-hTERT cells and derive multiple stable clones with various degrees of aneuploidy. We perfo...
The major pathways of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair are crucial for maintaining genomic stability. However, if deployed in an inappropriate cellular context, these same repair functions can mediate chromosome rearrangements that underlie various h
The mitotic kinase Aurora-A is a critical player in centrosome function and mitosis. It was reported that PARP10 regulated the transition from the G2-phase to mitosis by MARylation of Aurora-A [142]. Depletion of PARP10 affects Aurora-A recruitment in centrosomes and exhibited a delayed prog...
Once cellular DNA damage occurs, the DDR is activated to protect damaged DNA integrity. The cell cycle is paused to provide cells an opportunity to activate DNA repair mechanisms. When the DNA damage is severe, cell death programs are activated. Dashed arrows indicate altered mechanisms. Alteration...
Before a cell can reproduce, it must first replicate — or make a copy of — its DNA. Where DNA replication occurs depends upon whether the cell is a prokaryote or a eukaryote. DNA replication occurs in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes and in the nucleus of eukaryotes. Regardless of where DNA...
46-1) occurs at inverted repeats (IRs), which are defined as identical sequences on the complementary strands. Each strand folds at the IR center of symmetry and reconstitutes an intramolecular B helix capped by a single-stranded loop, which may extend from a few base pairs to several kilo...
In turn, Cdc6 and Cdt1 recruit the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) complex to form the pre-replicative complex (pre-RC), which only forms in the beginning of the G1 phase (Fig. 10.27). This ensures that replication only occurs one time in each cell cycle. The MCM complex consists of ...
Sensing invasive cytosolic DNA is an integral component of innate immunity. cGAS was identified in 2013 as the major cytosolic DNA sensor that binds dsDNA to catalyze the synthesis of a special asymmetric cyclic-dinucleotide, 2′3′-cGAMP, as the seconda