In 2023, the average rent for office space in the central business districts of Osaka City amounted to around 12 thousand Japanese yen per tsubo.
It focuses on improving standard public services such as sanitation, health, and education facilities in slum areas [20]. However, since 2010, Surakarta, which is the most populous city in the Central Java province, has implemented the upgrading of urban slums through a bottom-up planning ...