Drinking water contaminated with raw sewage. Eating shellfish (such as oysters and clams) that have been harvested from contaminated water.3 Eating raw fruits or vegetables washed in contaminated water. Sexual activity that allows direct mouth-to-anus contact or indirect contact (touching the mo...
Once the environment has become contaminated with pathogen-containing feces, secondary and tertiary barriers to transmission include water treatment, safe transport and storage of water, provision of sewage systems to control flooding, fly control, and good personal and domestic hygiene (e.g., food ...
One-year surveillance for enteric viruses in raw sewage was conducted in Kansai area, central part of Japan from July 2015 to June 2016. The raw sewage was... Thongprachum, AksaraFujimoto, TsugutoTakanashi, SayakaSaito, HiroyukiOkitsu, ShokoShimizu, HiroyukiKhamrin, PattaraManeekarn, NiwatHayakawa...
have increased significantly over the past 100 years, the proportion of households with an improved sanitation facility was only 60.9% and 48.4% in 2019 and 2015 respectively [32] indicating that residents remain vulnerable to the effects of flood water mixing with raw sewage during the monsoon. ...
145 HEV genotype 1 is prevalent in Pakistan, mainly transmitted via the faecal–oral route,146, 147 consistent with the observation that 44·7% of samples from sewage water samples and fresh vegetables are contaminated with HEV.148 The disease's subclinical course, the patient's expected self-...
those following a hurricane or flood where drinking water systems are contaminated with fecal matter as pipes break and raw sewage spills out. Political and economic forces are also implicated in the spread of cholera; its spread is most often associated with inadequate sanitation and hygiene ...
Evolution of the number of total citation per document and external citation per document (i.e. journal self-citations removed) received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. External citations are calculated by subtracting the number of self-citations from the total...
Contaminated water or raw sewage may mix with soil in areas where the rainfall is usually heavy, such as in the tropics. The protozoa that cause malaria and the mosquitoes that act as carriers thrive in such conditions; the resulting increased propagation of both the protozoa and the mosquitoes...
These organisms have worldwide distribution and are found abundantly in environmental niches with flowing or standing water contaminated by raw human or animal feces, soil, rotting food or vegetation, treated sewage, infected cow’s milk (Prototheca mastitis), an...
The report showed that every day at least 250,000 tons of raw sewage are pumped into the Tigris River threatening unprotected water sources and the entire water distribution system. Groundwater recharge originates from three main sources: naturally from precipitation and the infiltration of surface ...