Although our principal focus is on the brain disease model of addiction, the definition of addiction itself is a source of ambiguity. Here, we provide a perspective on the major forms of terminology in the field. Hazardous Substance Use Hazardous (risky) substance use refers to quantitative level...
Why the Disease Definition of Addiction Does Far More Harm Than GoodMarc Lewis
The article reports on the adverse impact of the conventional publish for free and pay to read business model. It mentions that there are several publisher... Gadagkar,Raghavendra - 《Nature》 被引量: 24发表: 2008年 Drug laws : War on drugs does more harm than good PubMed Central Canada...
A cognitive impairment that minimizes the recall of the negative effects of the addictive behaviour is viewed as necessary and causal to all addictions. The proposed definition for addiction clarifies the confusion associated with addictive disorders, explains the many variable presentations, and provides...
Define brain disease. brain disease synonyms, brain disease pronunciation, brain disease translation, English dictionary definition of brain disease. Noun 1. brain disease - any disorder or disease of the brain brain disorder, encephalopathy nervous diso
Model estimates are also presented visually in forest plots (Fig. 2). Table 1 Demographic characteristics of people who died of illicit drug toxicity, by illicit drug toxicity death type Full size table Table 2 Chronic disease diagnoses among people who died of illicit drug toxicity, by ...
Addiction is undoubtedly a prototypical complex disorder owing to its multidimensional characteristics: socio-political, environmental, behavioral and cognitive, cellular-molecular, and perhaps genetic. At least four main questions are now open to debate: 1. the definition (what is drug dependence) posi...
Chronic cough is globally prevalent across all age groups. This disorder is challenging to treat because many pulmonary and extrapulmonary conditions can present with chronic cough, and cough can also be present without any identifiable underlying cause
model, differential activation of such circuits between biological conditions can be estimated. Thus, circuit activation statuses can be interpreted as biomarkers that discriminate among the compared conditions. This type of mechanism-based biomarkers accounts for cell functional activities and can easily ...
More detailed definitions of these variables are provided in the eMethods in the Supplement. Eligibility criteria that were associated with the EDD at P < .25 were selected for inclusion in the multivariable metaregression model. To ensure parsimony, independent variables that were not ...