The discount factor for reinforcement learning has been constrained to the range [0, 1] to avoid overestimation of state values during training. Although theoretical studies have indicated that discount factors greater than 1 could be valid for certain tasks, experimental work has generally maintained...
The Xxxxx'x Discount Factor for any Xxxxx'x Eligible Asset other than the securities set forth below will be the percentage provided in writing by Xxxxx'x. Sample 1 Based on 1 documents SaveCopyRelated to Xxxxx’x Discount Factor S&P Discount Factor means for purposes of determining the ...
S&P Discount Factor means for purposes of determining the Discounted Value of any S&P Eligible Asset, the percentage determined by reference to the rating on such asset and the shortest Exposure Period set forth opposite such rating that is the same length as or is longer than the S&P Exposure...
Campbell (1996) uses labor income in a three-factor model. His factors are (1) the market return, (2) innovations in variables that help to forecast future market returns, and (3) innovations in variables that help to forecast future labor income. The analysis starts from a vector autoregre...
A discount factor and its corresponding discount rate always sum to be what number? 5. If an investment has a 5% effective annual interest rate, the interest rate over a 2-year period would be larger than 5%. If an effective annual discount rate is 5%, is the discount rate over a 2-...
business value. They are different in the fact that a capitalization rate is applied to a single discretionary cash flow, whereby a discount rate is applied to a series of cash flows presented in a forecast. The capitalization rate is calculated by deducting a growth factor from the discount ...
The intrinsic connection between the discount factor and the time dimension becomes evident when defining the latter as follows: 1/(1+𝑑𝑖)𝑡1/1+dit (1) where 𝑑𝑖 di represents the discount rate of asset 𝑖i and 𝑡t indicates time. 𝑑𝑖 di is also known as the ...
Furthermore, with the small discount factor, the reward only in the near future is taken into account in evaluating the value function, which can make short-sighted or aggressive actions. This observation motivates us to devise an adaptive rule to update the discount factor, rather than a ...
Essentially, the DDM is built on taking the sum of all future dividends expected to be paid by the company and calculating its present value using a net interest rate factor (also called discount rate). Expected Dividends Estimating the future dividends of a company can be a complex task. An...