elaine m. beller mappstatcentre for research in evidence-based practice, bond university, gold coast, australia (ms beller and dr glasziou) (ebeller@bond.edu.au); and centre for statistics in medicine, university of oxford, oxford, united kingdom (drs hopewell and altman).JAMA...
Model a = directional effect of x on y; Model b = directional effect of y on x; Model c = confounded x–y association due to an unmeasured third variable u. The two dashed arrows in Model c indicate that either x→ y or y→ x can be biased by confounding Full size image...
Although ordinal rating scales have received much research attention in survey methodology literature, the direction of the rating scales has not been as extensively studied as other design features. Research on scale direction effect has mainly focused on the influence on response distribution, while ...
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However, thanks to the large statistics collected in the last decades several experiments have detected small, but significant, anisotropies in the distribution of arrival directions. Many experiments can only detect variations in the flux as a function of the right ascension (RA) direction α, but...
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