the typical pattern is that individuals first develop ovarian tissues that may subsequently degenerate, followed by a masculinization of the gonads that finally leads to normal testes, as in zebrafish (Danio
The mechanistic coupling of chronic inflammation and fibrogenesis has been thoroughly investigated in skeletal muscle, in a number of different injury models6,21,22. In contrast the coupling of chronic inflammation and myogenesis is only recently beginning to be understood and the research so far has...
Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zucc (Japanese hop) is a dioecious species of the family Cannabaceae. he chromosome number is 2n = 16 = 14 + XX for females and 2n = 17 = 14 + XY1Y2 for male. To date, no fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) markers have been established for the...
After 5 days of continuous SMF exposure, the number of genes up-regulated by ≥ 2-fold increased to 85 (Figure 2C) while 94 were down-regulated to a similar extent. Interestingly, in an experiment where the cells were allowed to recover for one day under normal culture conditions after ...
The rest of the work has already been done by the library with operator overloading.Here is an example program that differentiates a complicated function:#include <fastad> #include <iostream> int main() { using namespace ad; ForwardVar<double> w1(0.), w2(1.); w1.set_adjoint(1.); ...
Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) are widely used primary cells for studying macrophage function. However, despite numerous protocols that are currently available, lack of a notable consensus on generating BMDMs may obscure the reliability in compa
BMC Biotechnology volume 8, Article number: 56 (2008) Cite this article 7351 Accesses 12 Citations Metrics details Abstract Background Although extensive research has been performed to control differentiation of neural stem cells – still, the response of those cells to diverse cell culture ...
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a member of the basic helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors, plays an essential role in a wide variety of cells, including hematopoietic progenitor cells16,17. Notably, defects in PLT number and function have been observed in Ahr-null mice18; however...
CD4+ T lymphocytes consist of naïve, antigen-specific memory, and memory-phenotype (MP) cell compartments at homeostasis. We recently showed that MP cells exert innate-like effector function during host defense, but whether MP CD4+ T cells are functio
Then, the transformed functions will be smoothed either by using regression analysis (least squares estimation) by minimizing the sum of squared errors or by using a roughness penalty [17]. Several parameter estimations need to be identified: the order of basis functions, number of basis functions...