Owing to its exceptional strength and its ability to control cell shape, the extracellular matrix of eubacteria, algae, fungi, and plants is called the cell wall. The composition of cell walls varies widely among these kingdoms and the species within them, but the central functions are similar...
The mitochondria arose from an endosymbiotic (alphaproteo-like) bacterium during early eukaryotic evolution [1,2]. Excluding iterative instances of primary endosymbioses (as proposed in [3]), we can conclude that the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA), living about 1.8 billion years ago, cont...
The broadest level of life is now a domain. All living things fit into only three domains. Within each of these domains there are kingdoms. Each kingdom contains phyla (singular is phylum), followed by class, order, family, genus, and species.In addition to the Linnaean kingdoms of plants...
Invasive plants may interact with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and mutualistic rhizosphere bacteria such asBacillusmutualists, which are known to be influenced by soil nutrient levels. They interact in the rhizosphere, thereby enhancing and altering plant growth; however, few studies have compared ...
Along with the increase in the number of published plant genomes, there is a need for an efficient system to retrieve various kinds of genome-related information from many plant species across plant kingdoms. Various plant databases have been developed, but no public database covers both genomic ...
Whatever the adaptedness of the phenotype, each of the many types of plasticity demonstrates how a given genotype will express itself differently in different environmental conditions—a field of biology referred to as the study of epigenetics. The ways in which epigenetic mechanisms may have evolved...
Mechanical stress influences cell- and tissue-scale processes across all kingdoms. It remains challenging to delineate how mechanical stress, originating at these different length scales, impacts cell and tissue form. We combine growth tracking of cells, quantitative image analysis, as well as molecular...
A promi- nent example is the HIGH OSMOLARITY GLYCEROL (HOG) signaling pathway, responsible for the response to high osmolarity, initially uncovered in yeast and later shown to be conserved in a variety of more complex eukaryotes1. The HOG pathway has established a 1Department of Biology, ...
Whatever the adaptedness of the phenotype, each of the many types of plasticity demonstrates how a given genotype will express itself differently in different environmental conditions—a field of biology referred to as the study of epigenetics. The ways in which epigenetic mechanisms may have evolved...
Taxus spp. produces the anticancer drug, taxol, and hence is planted as an industrial crop in China. APETALA2/ethylene response element binding proteins (AP2/EREBPs) are the key regulators of plant development, growth, and stress responses. Several homol