Analyses of the annular jet were conducted for three distinct Reynolds numbers (6683, 8874, and 11065). Numerical simulations were performed using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculation code, employing two turbulence models-k-epsilon and SST k-蔚. The governing differentia...
Serum creatinine was measured in fresh blood samples, and glomerular filtration rate was estimated (eGFR) using these values and ethnicity and sex specific equations previously described [20]. Early morning urine samples were collected in designated sample pots sent via post and returned by the part...
Therefore, in the present study, the continuity and steady-state Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations were actually solved as is shown in Eq. (5): $$\left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}l} {\frac{{\partial \overline{{u_{i} }} }}{{\partial x_{i} }} = 0} \hfill \\ ...
2.1. Governing equations for mass transfer When studying convective mass transfer coefficients related to different driving forces it is very useful to write down the govern- ing mass transport equations at the interface between the gas and ...
When the inlet flow rate of the microchannel is set to 0.14–1.4 m/s, the value of the Reynolds number Re is between 100–1000 by calculating equations (12), (13). The study used seven Reynolds values for simulation: 100, 250, 400, 550, 700, 850 and 1000. To analyze the flow beh...
Chen and Jain friction factors have opposition to flow with high flow rate: The prediction also reveals that Colebrook-White degenerated to Nikuradse friction factor at high Reynolds number. The horizontal and inclined flow equations are considerably enhanced on the usage of different friction factors ...
three-dimensional standard, renormalization group (rng) and realizable k-ε turbulence model are employed using the commercial cfd code fluent to solve the reynolds-averaged navier-stokes (rans) equations. a comparison of the results from the presently adopted models with those previously published ...
The flow fields around a bottom-mounted circular cylinder on rigid beds were simulated by solving the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with three different turbulence models. Numerical results were compared with several sets of experimental data. All of three turbulence models can reproduce flow...
Hereu¯is the time averaged velocity. In addition to the discretized flow solution, the turbulence model employed for this work is SST (k−ω) in order to determine the Reynolds stress tensor and simultaneously solve the governing equations.This solver has been reported to be computational tim...
Incompressible flow under the Boussinesq approximation, which treats density as a constant value in all solved equations, except for the buoyancy term in the momentum equation, has been considered. This approximation is accurate as long as changes in the actual density are small (|Δρ/ρa|≪...