As is the case with most autoimmune diseases, one must consider the processes in both the immune response and the target organ. With regard to the immune response, MS has long been considered to be mediated by myelin protein-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes secreting T helper 1 (Th1) type cytoki...
Taste responses to dilute sucrose solutions are modulated by stage of the estrous cycle and fenfluramine treatment in female rats. Physiol Behav. 2005;86:265–71. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Overmier JB, Seligman ME. Effects of inescapable shock upon subsequent escape and avoidable ...
Despite the evidence for greater prevalence of depression among women, there is considerably less attention devoted to studying depression in females or sex differences in depression. In fact, many of the animal models used to study biological mechanisms of depressive symptoms or of antidepressant respo...
multiple sclerosis (MS), primary biliary cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. This increased susceptibility in females compared to males is also present in animal models of autoimmune diseases such as spontaneous SLE in (NZBxNZW)F1 and NZM.2328 mice, experimental...
LNRq = 0.024; Supplementary Data5). In individual tumour subtypes, we found sex-biased PGA in renal cell cancer (chromosomes 7 & 12) and hepatocellular cancer (chromosomes 1 & 16). On further scrutinising these sex-PGA associations using extended models, we found that grade was a likely...
(F) In human females, numerous X-linked genes “escape” from X-inactivation to varying degree, resulting in female-biased expression (indicated by single asterisk). Additional X-linked genes show female-biased expression in certain studies, that may or may not be related to the X-inactivation...
At each sampling point, all earthworms in one cup were pooled and constituted one replicate sample. The cups were then wrapped with garden fleece that was secured with an elastic band to prevent earthworm escape during the exposure. The uptake phase of the experiment lasted for 21 d, during ...
Sex differences in human development, aging, and disease are so commonplace they sometimes seem to escape questioning. Yet, the ways in which males and females consistently differ have significant importance for disease risk and prognoses, and cancer is no exception. There are measureable differences...
Sex differences have been reported for multiple aspects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection, including transmission, pathogenesis, morbidity, mortality, and responses to antiretroviral treatment. Epidemiological studies on sex differences i
To analyze collembola communities, 5 soil core samples spaced 5 m apart were collected at each station. Each soil core sample consisted of 1 dm3of soil collected with an adapted auger (Ø 8.5 cm and 11.5 cm length) capable of preventing escape of fast-moving arthropods. We obta...