At present, the most widely studied electrical method is to obtain residual voltage by establishing an ion kinetic model to describe ion adsorption and desorption under applied DC electric field [9–11]. The optical method obtains the residual voltage through the conversion of the relation between ...
The difference equation DE is a simple dynamic relaxation model that can be constructed based on the difference between the current state of the system and the final mutually stable equilibrium state with the reservoir [23,24]. It is understood that the region of greatest accuracy occurs in the...